Composted slaughterhouse sludge as a substitute for chemical fertilizers in the cultures of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Abstract Flotation sludge (FS) is produced in huge amounts at slaughterhouses in western Santa Catarina, Brazil. This waste is rich in plant nutrients and a valuable resource for soil amendments. Five FS composts were tested as a replacement for chemical fertilizers (QF), namely T1 (75% poultry manure (PM) and 25% sawdust (SD)); T2 (50% PM and 50% SD); T3 (25% PM and 75% SD); T4 (100% PM and 0% SD); and T5 (0% PM x 100% SD). For lettuce plants, treatments containing composted FS resulted in an increased number of leaves, leaf area and leaf fresh weight (LFW). T1 presented the best results with increases of 1.4 fold in LFW compared to plants supplemented with QF. T2 was the most effective treatment for radish with the best results of root fresh weight and root diameter. Although T4 had the highest nitrogen content, it did not present the best results in growth performance for lettuce or radish. The presence of higher proportions of SD in composts (25% for lettuce and 50% for radish) improved the physical characteristics of the soil and proved to be a more balanced compost.

Ação de inseticidas naturais no controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em milho cultivado em agroecossistema de várzea / Action of natural insecticide in control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crop cultivated in low agroecossistem

Estudou-se a eficiência de inseticidas naturais no controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), na cultura do milho em agroecossistema de várzea, sob infestação natural. O experimento foi conduzido a campo na área experimental da Embrapa Clima Temperado - Estação Experimental Terras Baixas, no ano agrícola 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (9x2), com 9 tratamentos: T1- NeemAzal-T/S (0,25 por cento); T2- NeemAzal-T/S (0,5 por cento); T3- Rotenat CE (0,5 por cento); T4- Natuneem agrícola (0,5 por cento); T5- Rotenat CE + Natuneem agrícola (0,25+0,25 por cento); T6- Dalneem emulsionável (0,5 por cento); T7- Organic neem (0,5 por cento); T8- Match CE (0,1 por cento) (padrão) e T9- Água (testemunha) com duas épocas de semeadura e quatro repetições. Realizaram-se três aplicações dos tratamentos por época, determinando-se a porcentagem de plantas atacadas oito dias após cada aplicação e o rendimento de grãos em kg ha-1. Obteve-se diferença significativa no controle da lagarta-do-cartucho entre épocas de semeadura com maior eficiência de controle para a primeira época, destacando-se dentre os inseticidas naturais o NeemAzal-T/S (0,5 por cento) e o Dalneem emulsionável (0,5 por cento), com grande potencial de uso em semeaduras realizadas no mês de novembro. O rendimento de grãos entre épocas não diferiu estatisticamente, destacando-se dentre os inseticidas naturais o NeemAzal - T/S a 0,5 por cento, tornando-se uma alternativa no controle da S. frugiperda. Há uma correlação negativa e significativa entre plantas atacadas e rendimento de grãos em kg ha-1, com maior potencial de controle para a primeira época de semeadura.

The efficiency of natural insecticide was studied in control Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crop cultivated in low agroecossistem, under natural infestation. The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of Embrapa Clima Temperado - Estação Experimental Terras Baixas, agricultural year 2005/2006. The experimental diagram was of blocks in factorial design (9 x 2), with 9 treatments: T1- NeemAzal-T/S (0.25 percent); T2- NeemAzal-T/S (0.5 percent); T3- Rotenat CE (0.5 percent); T4- Natuneem agrícola (0.5 percent); T5- Rotenat CE + Natuneem agrícola (0.25+0.25 percent); T6- Dalneem emulsionable (0.5 percent); T7- Organic neem (0.5 percent); T8- Match CE (0.1 percent) (Standard) and T9- Water (check), with two times of sowing and four repetitions. Three applications of treatments were carried for time, determining the percentage of plants attacked eight days after each application and yield of grain in kg ha-1. There was significant difference in control of fall armyworm among time of sowing, with a major efficiency of control for first time, pointing out among the natural insecticide the NeemAzal - T/S (0.5 percent) and Dalneem emulsionable (0.5 percent), with great potential of use in sowing carried out in November. The yield doesn't differ among time, pointing out among the natural insecticide the Neem Azal - T/S at 0.5 percent, bringing an alternative in control of S. frugiperda. There is a negative and significant correlation among plants attacked and yield of grain in kg ha-1, with major potential of control for the first time sowing.